Will we run out of breathable oxygen?

The scientists think that the fitoplancton, principal source of atmospheric oxygen, may reach a critical point of dearth.

According to some American scientists, in some decades, humanity will face the problem of the lack of oxygen in the atmosphere due to the decreasing of filoplancton in the aquatic surface.

A group of scientists of Michigan’s University, observed the effect that the increasing temperature had on the fitoplancton’s metabolism while they were investigating the surface of the world’s oceans. The scientists confirm their theories about what will happen at the end of the century, a lack of filoplancton.

After examining about 130 species of filoplancton, especially the ones that develop on the temperature zone and the ones at the areas near the polar regions. finally, the biologists concluded that the fitoplancton must reproduce in lower temperatures that the ones that are present during the year.

So, according to some preliminary conclusions, the tropical species of filoplancton are more sensible to the global warming. Due to all these processes of climate change and the increasing of the temperatures, all the plankton of the tropical area could be reduced to the poles, where it can also disappear.

Burning oil, coal, gas, wood or other organic materials uses molecular oxygen, the O2 we breathe, to break carbon-hydrogen bonds and release energy. This reaction, better known as combustion, also pairs each broken-off, positively charged carbon atom with two negatively charged oxygen atoms, forming carbon dioxide, or CO2.

Although that does cut into the amount of O2 in the atmosphere, there's no need to fill your basement with oxygen tanks. Molecular oxygen, the O2 that we breathe, is the runner-up, at 20.94 percent.

Because of this relative bounty of oxygen, scientists don't fear that carbon emissions will cut off our oxygen supply. "Even if we were to burn another 1,000 billion tons of fossil fuels, we would only decrease the oxygen in our atmosphere to 20.88 percent," he says. And even then, the effects that action would have on the environment—more particulate pollution, hotter temperatures—would be far worse than oxygen depletion.

The conclusion is: It depends on the scientist. Personally I think that we will run out, but that would happen in a hypothetical situation, for example, if the sun disappears, if all the plants die…

https://youtu.be/TU1Ub6aXMqA

What would happen if all the elements of the periodic table came into contact simultaneously ?  by Eduardo Platas

        

The periodic table is the most important chemistry reference that exists. Is formed by all the chemical  ,ordered by their atomic number (number of protons), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. This ordering shows periodic trends, such as elements with similar behavior in the same column. Was invented by Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev in the 1869
 The gaseous oxygen would react with the lithium and sodium and it would inflame , the  temperature of the container in which we join the elements would increase until seemed hell.  There are lots of flammable elements in the periodic table , so the would all burn. There are  more or less twenty­five radioactive elements that if they are heated they produce a terrible  mixture. Plutonium and radioactive other elements , if they’re burnt they contaminate the air ,  which if we inhale , it causes the immediate death. But if we leave all the elements together  for a time , they would reach an equilibrium , and it would be a mixture of common and  stable compounds 

Reaction (Explosion) of Alkali Metals with Water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvVUtpdK7xw

Do dogs sweat from their tongues?

Do dogs sweat from their tongues?

Most people believe that the dog's tongue contains sweat glands, but this is not true.

Most of the dog's sweat glands are located around its foot pads. That is why, when a dog is overheated, you will sometimes see a trail of wet footprints that he has left behind as he walked across the floor.

But if this is proved, why is some people still thinking the other way round? That’s because the dog's tongue and mouth are associated with many salivary glands that produce different forms of saliva. For this reason we think that they just run with their mouth opened for not swallowing the sweat, but it’s for panting (a way cooling that moves air across saliva-moistened surfaces of the mouth cavity) which helps them to eliminate some heat.

Dogs also have other methods to keep cool, such as vasodilation which consists on dissipating heat by dilating (expanding) blood vessels in the face and ears. This helps to keep the dogs’ blood cooler by causing it to flow closer to the surface of the skin allowing it to cool before returning back to the heart. This mechanism works better if the overheating is due to exercise, rather than a high outside temperature. 

On a hot day, especially if the dog is very active, he can overheat (hyperthermia). This can eventually lead to heat stroke. A dog that is overheated will seem sluggish and perhaps confused. If you look at his gums and tongue they may appear bright red, and he will probably be panting very hard. If left unattended to, the dog may collapse, vomit, have a seizure, or even go into a coma.

If the sun disappeared today, how long would it take before Earth was uninhabitable?

 8.3 minutes is the time after which the Earth will not receive any sunlight forever but it will take some months to the Earths surface to cold down, all living things wich are used to cold weather won´t have a big problem with it until the Earth reached very low temperatures, temperatures all over the planet would reach around -140º making it uninhabitable.

The Earth won´t cold down completely until millions of years happened due to the molten rock inside the Earth and the inner energy and it´s movements.

There could be a posibility to the humans, or the living things in the Earth to survive but unfortunately it´s very difficult to carry out.

The nearest solar system is alpha centaury and as the sun dissapeared the Earth will stop rotating around it so all the energy will go as an impulse in wich the Earth will reach a new body to orbit around, that will be the only posibility tu survive but it would be imposible to reach Alpha Centaury on time, once the Earth cold down all humans will die and it will be almost imposible to a similar species to develop in the resolution of the years passing.  

 

As the sun dissapeared the Earth won´t rotate anymore around it so the magnetic field will be destroyed, and if solar radiation was still in the universe that could also ´cause damage to living organisms.        

As the centrifugal force was lost the shape of the Earth will change and the new distribution of the gravity will alter the oceans and some countries will sumerge, as the Earth loses the forces of the sun and the moon it will get completely flat becoming a perfect sphere.

WHY DO MOSQUITOES BITE SOME PEOPLE MORE THAN OTHERS?

WHY DO MOSQUITOES BITE SOME PEOPLE MORE THAN OTHERS?

Mosquitoes choose their victims based on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted to breathe and not, as stated in the popular belief, the "sweetness" of the blood, according to a study published recently in Nature.

A human being produces every day about one kilogram of CO2 and exhales every time-about 13 times per minute, expelling more than one hundred milligrams of this gas. Mosquitoes detect a pulsating stream of CO2, from which they infer that behind there is "fresh blood" to suck. The carbon dioxide emitted breathing is higher in adults than in children, and its amount varies depending on diet and exercise that followed.

In fact, entomologists at the University of Florida (USA) have developed traps for these insects which emit carbon dioxide as a person or an animal.

Lactic acid we emit breathing or through sweat also attracts these insects. Taller people and pregnant women emit more CO2 and lactic acid, so they are a perfect target for mosquitoes. People who just do intense physical exercise are also very attractive for these insects.

https://youtu.be/qF513aVV9jc

what is the smallest animal in the world?

The smallest animal in the world is one type of species in anglerfish with a scientific name that is photocorynus spinice, in the family of linophrydinae.the mature male has a length between 6.2 and 7.3;it is consider also one of the strangests underwater animal because of its depth( 990-1,420 m)

The female is less longer than the male and their body is 55milimettres ;the male is attached to the middle of the back of a 46 mm long female because that is how they mate. It’s called sexual parasitism and in five of the 11 families of anglerfishes, the males are tiny compared to the females and fuse for life to their mates by biting onto the sides, backs or bellies of a female.

WHY DON´T SNOW STORMS PRODUCE THUNDERS AND LIGHTNINGS???

There is lightning in SOME snowstorms, only the strongest one.

Almost every summer there is a storm with lightning and Thunder. But even in the fiercest snow storms there is a sparkle in the air. Thunderstorms with snow are not impossible (although in all United States only are on average six a year), but winter air is not the most suitable for conditions requiring the lightning to form, says meteorologist Robin Tanamachi of the University of Oklahoma.

During  the summer, the troposphere is full of hot and humid air. Above, the air is cold and is full of ice crystals. When hot air rises, carrying water vapor molecules rubbing ice crystals and the friction creates an electric field in the cloud. Ice crystals acquire a slight positive charge and the updraft takes them to the top of the cloud, so that at the bottom is a net negative charge.

Lightning is caused by particles (liquid drops & ice) hitting against each other, which causes charge differences in the cloud. To get particles to hit, you need some upward motion of air which carries some particles up while others fall down.

Thundersnow: Rara tormenta de nieve con truenos en Kansas, EEUU (21/2/2013) CNN

PAULA MIGUEL GÓMEZ

               2B E.S.O

Could dragons have existed

Have dragons existed ?

Dragon is an etimological name that means snakes.

 The evolution has change a lot since the first cell was created.Some people think that they are the ancestors of reptiles ,mainly the cocodriles because of their skin and frogs because they have similar legs .Although there is  some other peolpe that think that they haven`t existed
In South America there is a type of snake that has very similar caracteristics to dragons.
The archaeologist are discovering some fossils of creatures that aren't known by humans.So this means that some species existed and they are new for us.
In China dragons are very common and they are used in festivals.




In a past century vikings made the frontal part of their boats with a dragon shape to protect them from bad things.
There is only one type of dragon still alive the komodo dragon.The komodo dragon was discovered in 1912 ,until that date they thought they were imaginary creatures like unicorns.

So for all this reasons dragons could existed in the past.

HOW CAN WE USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy: is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter.

Where does geothermal energy come from?

Geothermal energy is essentially energy in the form of heat below the Earth’s surface. There are two main contributors to this energy:

• The Earth’s internal heat
• Heat energy from the Sun

About 80% of the Earth’s internal heat comes from radioactive decay of minerals, while the remaining 20% can be sourced back to planetary accretion  (the formation of our planet).

Geothermal electricity generation: How can we generate electricity with geothermal energy? The warm water vapor (steam) from underground geothermal reservoirs is captured. The vapor is lead through pipes to steam turbines where the electricity is generated. The current installed geothermal power capacity is about 10 715 MW, which is distributed among 24 countries.

Geothermal Direct Heating

The world’s total installed capacity of geothermal direct heating was estimated to be 28 GW in 2004. This included data from about 70 countries. Here are the most common appliances of direct heating:

• District heating
• Greenhouses

Residential Geothermal Heating and Cooling :

The Earth acts as an insulator, absorbing the energy and keeping it there. While the temperatures at the surface changes with the weather, the temperatures just below the surface are relatively stable.We can exploit this temperature difference for both heating in the winter and cooling in the summer.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HENRRIETA LACK's CELLS

WHY ARE HENRRIETTA LACK’s CELLS SO IMPORTANT?

Henrietta Lacks was an AFRICAN-AMERICAN woman who died by a tumor in the neck of the uterus.

More than 60 years ago, in one of the few hospitals in Maryland (USA) that catered to blacks, a doctor isolated the first immortal human cells (the cells of Henrietta).

 

The history of HELA cells is back at the beginning of the 1950s, when the American doctor George Otto Grey managed to cultivate a tumor removed from the young Henrietta Lacks shortly before his death.

 

Henrietta Lacks died of cancer shortly after surgery, without knowing what became of the removed tumor and consent to its use. The conclusion of this story is that human cells can be immortal, while the body has a limited lifetime.

 

After the first achievement with HeLa cells, other cells of different origins have been cultivated. Over time, the HeLa cells have been used to explain phenomena such as the replication of the chromosomes, the viral infections and the effects of ultraviolet light. Today these cells continue to be a source of information and their legacy is perpetuated in laboratories around the world.

Although she died more than half a century ago, Henrietta Lacks is the older person in the world in his thirties.

Why do lightning animals are so important for science?

                         Lightning animals.

Some animals have developed the aptitude to produce light with his body, to this there is called he scientific bioluminiscencia. This one is probably one of the animal characteristics that more surprise because they call enough the attention and astonish anyone. Certain animals have developed throughout the time this capacity for a diversity of reasons, which in general have great that to see with his survival. Between which we can find species that do it with the purpose of attracting pairs to form a pair, to communicate and in other varied cases to cheat possible predators or also to attract potential victims.

Between the species of animals that lightning (shine) in the darkness we have to the firefly, which segregates a substance called luciferina which is oxidized by the help of one enzyme, known like lucíferasa: this reaction is highly effective, practically without loss of energy. On the other hand, the fluorescent jellyfish possess a protein capable of receiving light of high energy named GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein) that issues fluorescence in the range of the green light.

     For what sound so important for the science?

Both previous cases have the particularity of using proteins, already be luciferasa or GFP. These proteins codified by paths you sequence of DNA, "they" are "copied" from his original guest by means of an ingenious method named PCR, (The Chain reaction of the Polymerase or PCR, it is a "in vitro" technology that imitates the natural skill of the cell of duplicating the DNA), capable of creating million copies of a sequence facilitating his later manipulation. These copies can interfere inside the organisms using different methods, which allow his implantation of permanent form to produce these proteins. The usefulness takes root in that hereby there can be seen easily the fabrics and the compartments that contain this protein, which has special importance in the field of the medicine, to study the behavior of the cells and of the fabrics affected by such diseases as the cancer or the HIV between others.

ARE VIRUSES LIVING OR NON LIVING ORGANISMS ?

ARE  VIRUSES  LIVING  OR  NON  LIVING  ORGANISMS ?

Nowadays there are different theories about what viruses are , the biological theory says that viruses are non living organisms because they don’t have their own way to reproduce , they don’t use energy to grow or to respond to the surroundings , basically they don’t follow  living things characteristics, apart from the fact that they replicate while living things reproduce . The other theory says that viruses are living things because they have the ability of reproducing , they have cellular structure and they can replicate DNA.

I believe in the first theory because if viruses don’t follow the basic characteristics of living organisms that are : movement , respiration , sensitivity , growth , reproduction, excretion and nutrition , then thay are non living organisms . Other of the reasons why i think that viruses are non living organisms is that they are not able to carry out properties outside the host living cell, so that means that outside the living cell, viruses are inert particles that can even be crystallized .

                                   

WHY THE EARTH ROTATION IS GETTING LOWER?

Yes it is, due to a transfer of Earth's rotational momentum to the Moon's orbital momentum as tidal friction slows the Earth's rotation. That increase in the Moon's speed is causing it to slowly recede from Earth (about 4 cm per year), increasing its orbital period and the length of a month as well.

To picture what is happening, imagine yourself riding a bicycle on a track built around a Merry-go-Round. You are riding in the same direction that it is turning. If you have a lasso and rope one of the horses, you would gain speed and the Merry-Go-Round would lose some. In this analogy, you and your bike represent the Moon, the Merry-Go-Round is the rotating Earth, and your lasso is gravity. In orbital mechanics, a gain in speed results in a higher orbit.

The slowing rotation of the Earth results in a longer day as well as a longer month. Once the length of a day equals the length of a month, the tidal friction mechanism will cease. (ie. Once your speed on the track matches the speed of the horses, you can't gain any more speed with your lasso trick.) That's been projected to happen once the day and month both equal about 47 (current) days, billions of years in the future. If the Earth and Moon still exist, the Moon's distance will have increased to about 135% of its current value. 

What happens to the space remaining after oil or gas are removed?

                       WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SPACE REMAINING 

                                             AFTER  OIL OR GAS ARE                                                                                                       REMOVED?

Oil pollution is caused by accidental or deliberaterelease into  the enviroment, causing adverse effects on humans or the enviroment, directly or indirectly.

Pollution  involves all operations releted to the exploitation and transportation of hydrocarbons, which will inevitably lead to gradual detererioration of the enviroment. Directly in affects the soil, water, air, fauna and flora.

The effects on the air air:

  Usually , together with the oil produced is natural gas. The uptake of gas is determined  by the gas/oil ratio, if this value is high, the gas is captured and if it is low, it is verted and/or burned by torches. 

WHAT´S THE BIGGEST THING A CARNIVOROUS PLANT WILL EAT?

WHAT´S THE BIGGEST THING A CARNIVOROUS PLANT WILL EAT?

 

A VENUS FLY TRAP CATCHES PRY

 

 

Carnivorous plants generally stick to a diet of bugs that they ensnare. On rare A occasions, though, tropical pitcher plants—which drown and break down prey in vase-shaped traps that can be smaller than a little finger or larger than a football—have been found holding the skeletal remains of frogs, geckos and even small rodents. But what about human flesh?

Chowing down on a vertebrate is incredibly dangerous for the plant, says Barry Rice, conservation director for the International Carnivorous Plant Society and author of Growing Carnivorous Plants. It takes a long time to digest meat, so the meal could rot prematurely, killing the trap.

That's not to say that a giant meat-eating plant wouldn't have a taste for humans. While recovering from a case of athlete's foot, Rice fed infected skin to Venus flytraps to see if they would eat it. A week later, he was astonished (and a bit appalled) to find barely a trace of his skin remaining in the traps. Healthy skin and internal organs would probably meet the same end, Rice predicts. "I'm still fond of my fingers, though," he says, "so I'm not taking the experiment to the next level."

Most carnivorous plants eat flying, foraging, or crawling insects. Those that live in or around water capture very small aquatic prey like mosquito larvae and tiny fish. On rare occasions, some tropical carnivorous plants have even been reported to capture frogs, or even rats and birds (although these creatures were probably sick or already near death)! But don’t worry, these plants pose no danger to humans, even if you fell asleep in a whole bed of them.

 

Has the moon volcanic activity ?

                                    HAS THE MOON VOLCANIC ACTIVITY?


The moon thought to be cold and dead , is still alive alive and kiching-barely . Scientists have found evidence for dozens of burps of volcanic activity , all within the past 100 millon years - a mere blip on the geologic timescale . And they think that future eruptions are likely - although probably not within a human lifetime .


Much of the moon’s near side is paved over in dark plains of basalt called maria. The activity that created these ancient lava fields peaked about 3 billion years ago and petered out 1 billion years ago. But a strange geologic structure called Ina has intrigued scientists for decades, and in 2006 they found evidence that it was indeed a volcanic vent that was active as recently as 10 million years ago. But Ina remained the anomaly.

WHAT IS THE JUNK SPACE? 
The junk space are objects such as artificial satélites, material discarded from space stations, etc that remain un space after use.
The junk space travels fast enough forma a relatively small piece or orbital debris to damage a satellite or a spacecraft.
The rising population or space debris increases the potential danger to allí space vehicles, but especially to the International Space Station, space  shuttles and other spacecraft with human aboard.
He U.S. Space Surveillance Network, a department that tracks debris floating through space and reports to NASA, observes mover 13,000 man-made objects orbiting Earth larger han 4 inches in diameter.

27.- CAN WIND FARMS CAUSE CLIMATE CHANGES?

CAN WIND FARMS CAUSE CLIMATE CHANGES?

Wind farms can cause climate change, according to new research, that shows for the first time the new technology is already pushing up temperatures.

Usually at night the air closer to the ground becomes colder when the sun goes down and the earth cools. But on huge wind farms the motion of the turbines mixes the air higher in the atmosphere that is warmer, pushing up the overall temperature.

This could have long term effects on wildlife living in the immediate areas of larger wind farms.

It could also affect regional weather patterns as warmer areas affect the formation of cloud and even wind speeds.

However Prof Zhou pointed out the most extreme changes were just at night and the overall changes may be smaller.

Also, it is much smaller than the estimated change caused by other factors such as man made global warming.

The study read: "The debates regard the possible impacts of wind farms on regional to global scale weather and climate, that they can significantly affect local scale meteorology."

Large windfarms can increase local night time temperatures by fanning warmer air onto the ground, new research has revealed.