If the sun disappeared today, how long would it take before Earth was uninhabitable?

 8.3 minutes is the time after which the Earth will not receive any sunlight forever but it will take some months to the Earths surface to cold down, all living things wich are used to cold weather won´t have a big problem with it until the Earth reached very low temperatures, temperatures all over the planet would reach around -140º making it uninhabitable.

The Earth won´t cold down completely until millions of years happened due to the molten rock inside the Earth and the inner energy and it´s movements.

There could be a posibility to the humans, or the living things in the Earth to survive but unfortunately it´s very difficult to carry out.

The nearest solar system is alpha centaury and as the sun dissapeared the Earth will stop rotating around it so all the energy will go as an impulse in wich the Earth will reach a new body to orbit around, that will be the only posibility tu survive but it would be imposible to reach Alpha Centaury on time, once the Earth cold down all humans will die and it will be almost imposible to a similar species to develop in the resolution of the years passing.  

 

As the sun dissapeared the Earth won´t rotate anymore around it so the magnetic field will be destroyed, and if solar radiation was still in the universe that could also ´cause damage to living organisms.        

As the centrifugal force was lost the shape of the Earth will change and the new distribution of the gravity will alter the oceans and some countries will sumerge, as the Earth loses the forces of the sun and the moon it will get completely flat becoming a perfect sphere.